![]() In principal, the target DNA is first extracted then denatured at high temperature. PCR allows the amplification of millions of identical DNA copies from an originally small amount of pathogen genome in a clinical sample. In certain clinical situations, such as diagnosis of viral encephalitis or monitoring of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in organ transplant patients, PCR has transformed laboratory investigations because of its exquisite sensitivity and specificity, and is clearly the method of choice. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): The various forms of PCR are the most frequently used molecular diagnostic techniques in the diagnosis of infectious pathogens. The advantages and disadvantages of the techniques are outlined in Table 2 The most widely used techniques are described. This brief review will focus on the key features influencing the clinical use of molecular tests. Today, clinical microbiology diagnostics increasingly rely on molecular techniques. ![]() The detection of pathogen specific IgM is a commonly used method for confirming acute infection. Infection is often diagnosed indirectly by the detection of the patient's immune response to infection. Key performance issues are summarized in Table 1 A range of methods such as culture, electron microscopy, and pathogen genome detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are used. ![]() The gold standard is the direct detection of the pathogen itself in clinical samples collected from the cases. Two broad approaches to diagnosis are used. Laboratory results should always be interpreted in the context of the clinical presentation of the patient, and appropriate site, quality, and timing of specimen collection are required for reliable test results.Ĭlinical microbiology laboratories use a wide range of different techniques to support clinical decision-making in diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of infections. Clinicians need to recognize the enhanced accuracy and speed of the molecular diagnostic techniques for the diagnosis of infections, but also to understand their limitations. Several molecular methods can be used for genotyping, which allows the identification of different subtypes of the pathogen genotyping plays a role in the risk assessment and management of infections. However, microarrays are currently too expensive to be adapted for routine diagnostics, and their diagnostic use requires broad-based nucleic acid amplification prior to analysis which is not well established. Microarray is a technique which holds promise and has an exceptional sensitivity and the capacity to detect several pathogens simultaneously. Other widely used molecular diagnostic techniques are isothermal amplification methods and nucleic acid hybridization techniques. The ability to measure the quantity of microbe by quantitative PCR has become increasingly important, providing information on the progression and prognosis of disease, and effectiveness of treatment. Today, many conventional PCR methods are being replaced by real-time PCR, which allows more rapid detection and quantification of the PCR product, as well as detection of different strains of the pathogen by melting curve analysis. In many clinical settings, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is clearly the method of choice due to its exquisite sensitivity and specificity. The various formats of nucleic acid amplification are the most frequently used molecular tests in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. We are heavily invested in the production of new technology and the collaborative efforts of our dedicated Research and Development team enables us to create and distribute high quality products, including our renowned gene-specific qPCR kits.Clinical microbiology laboratories increasingly rely on molecular diagnostic techniques. We pride ourselves on continuously developing and optimising our products, ensuring our customers are provided with high-quality data. We are a company with a large network of global customers- our combined product knowledge of over 20 years has allowed us to meet customer needs so we can maximise the level of satisfaction. Our product portfolio range includes PCR kits for infectious diseases, mutation assays and foodborne pathogens.Īdditionally, we provide consumables such as PCR plastic ware, filter tips, microbiology plastics and Real-Time qPCR instruments. We provide a full spectrum of solutions to meet specific molecular diagnostic requirements. Advanced Molecular Diagnostics is a global manufacturer of diagnostic devices, based in Nottingham, UK.
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